WPF 打印与报表

简介

WPF 提供了内置的打印支持，可以直接打印 Visual 元素、FlowDocument 和 FixedDocument。结合数据绑定和模板，可以生成丰富的报表。本文介绍 WPF 中打印文档、打印预览和报表生成的常用方式。

特点

• 1.原生支持 — 无需第三方库即可打印
• 2.Visual 打印 — 可以打印任何 UI 元素
• 3.FlowDocument — 流式文档适合报表
• 4.FixedDocument — 固定布局适合精确排版

基本打印

打印 Visual 元素

/// <summary>
/// 打印任意 UI 元素
/// </summary>
public class PrintService
{
    // 打印 Visual
    public void PrintVisual(Visual visual, string description = "WPF打印")
    {
        var printDialog = new PrintDialog();

        if (printDialog.ShowDialog() == true)
        {
            printDialog.PrintVisual(visual, description);
        }
    }

    // 打印指定尺寸
    public void PrintVisualSized(Visual visual, Size pageSize)
    {
        var printDialog = new PrintDialog();

        if (printDialog.ShowDialog() == true)
        {
            // 调整 Visual 大小以匹配打印页
            if (visual is FrameworkElement element)
            {
                element.Width = pageSize.Width;
                element.Height = pageSize.Height;
                element.Measure(pageSize);
                element.Arrange(new Rect(pageSize));
                element.UpdateLayout();
            }

            printDialog.PrintVisual(visual, "WPF打印");
        }
    }
}

// 使用
private void PrintButton_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
    var printService = new PrintService();
    printService.PrintVisual(PrintArea, "销售报表");
}

打印 FlowDocument

/// <summary>
/// 打印 FlowDocument — 流式文档
/// </summary>
public void PrintFlowDocument(FlowDocument document)
{
    var printDialog = new PrintDialog();

    if (printDialog.ShowDialog() == true)
    {
        // 设置文档页面大小
        document.PageHeight = printDialog.PrintableAreaHeight;
        document.PageWidth = printDialog.PrintableAreaWidth;
        document.PagePadding = new Thickness(50);
        document.ColumnGap = 0;
        document.ColumnWidth = printDialog.PrintableAreaWidth;

        var paginator = ((IDocumentPaginatorSource)document).DocumentPaginator;
        printDialog.PrintDocument(paginator, "FlowDocument打印");
    }
}

FlowDocument 报表

XAML 定义报表

<!-- ReportTemplate.xaml — 报表模板 -->
<FlowDocument xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
              FontFamily="Microsoft YaHei" FontSize="12"
              PagePadding="40">

    <!-- 报表标题 -->
    <Paragraph FontSize="24" FontWeight="Bold" TextAlignment="Center">
        <Run Text="{Binding ReportTitle}"/>
    </Paragraph>

    <Paragraph FontSize="14" TextAlignment="Center" Foreground="Gray">
        <Run Text="报表日期："/>
        <Run Text="{Binding ReportDate, StringFormat='{}{0:yyyy-MM-dd}'}"/>
    </Paragraph>

    <LineBreak/>

    <!-- 基本信息表格 -->
    <Table CellSpacing="0" BorderBrush="Black" BorderThickness="1">
        <Table.Columns>
            <TableColumn Width="150"/>
            <TableColumn Width="200"/>
            <TableColumn Width="150"/>
            <TableColumn Width="200"/>
        </Table.Columns>

        <TableRowGroup>
            <TableRow Background="#3498DB">
                <TableCell>
                    <Paragraph FontWeight="Bold" Foreground="White">客户名称</Paragraph>
                </TableCell>
                <TableCell>
                    <Paragraph><Run Text="{Binding CustomerName}"/></Paragraph>
                </TableCell>
                <TableCell>
                    <Paragraph FontWeight="Bold" Foreground="White">订单编号</Paragraph>
                </TableCell>
                <TableCell>
                    <Paragraph><Run Text="{Binding OrderNo}"/></Paragraph>
                </TableCell>
            </TableRow>

            <TableRow Background="#ECF0F1">
                <TableCell>
                    <Paragraph FontWeight="Bold">联系人</Paragraph>
                </TableCell>
                <TableCell>
                    <Paragraph><Run Text="{Binding ContactPerson}"/></Paragraph>
                </TableCell>
                <TableCell>
                    <Paragraph FontWeight="Bold">联系电话</Paragraph>
                </TableCell>
                <TableCell>
                    <Paragraph><Run Text="{Binding Phone}"/></Paragraph>
                </TableCell>
            </TableRow>
        </TableRowGroup>
    </Table>

    <LineBreak/>

    <!-- 明细表 -->
    <Paragraph FontSize="16" FontWeight="Bold">订单明细</Paragraph>

    <Table CellSpacing="0" BorderBrush="Black" BorderThickness="1">
        <Table.Columns>
            <TableColumn Width="50"/>
            <TableColumn Width="*"/>
            <TableColumn Width="80"/>
            <TableColumn Width="100"/>
            <TableColumn Width="120"/>
        </Table.Columns>

        <TableRowGroup>
            <!-- 表头 -->
            <TableRow Background="#2C3E50">
                <TableCell><Paragraph Foreground="White" FontWeight="Bold">序号</Paragraph></TableCell>
                <TableCell><Paragraph Foreground="White" FontWeight="Bold">商品名称</Paragraph></TableCell>
                <TableCell><Paragraph Foreground="White" FontWeight="Bold">数量</Paragraph></TableCell>
                <TableCell><Paragraph Foreground="White" FontWeight="Bold">单价</Paragraph></TableCell>
                <TableCell><Paragraph Foreground="White" FontWeight="Bold">小计</Paragraph></TableCell>
            </TableRow>

            <!-- 数据行（通过代码动态生成） -->
        </TableRowGroup>
    </Table>

    <Paragraph TextAlignment="Right" FontSize="16" FontWeight="Bold">
        <Run Text="合计："/>
        <Run Text="{Binding TotalAmount, StringFormat='¥{0:N2}'}"/>
    </Paragraph>
</FlowDocument>

动态生成报表

/// <summary>
/// 动态生成 FlowDocument 报表
/// </summary>
public class ReportGenerator
{
    public FlowDocument GenerateOrderReport(OrderReportData data)
    {
        var doc = new FlowDocument
        {
            FontFamily = new FontFamily("Microsoft YaHei"),
            FontSize = 12,
            PagePadding = new Thickness(40)
        };

        // 标题
        doc.Blocks.Add(new Paragraph(new Run("销售订单报表"))
        {
            FontSize = 24,
            FontWeight = FontWeights.Bold,
            TextAlignment = TextAlignment.Center
        });

        // 副标题
        doc.Blocks.Add(new Paragraph(new Run($"报表日期：{DateTime.Now:yyyy-MM-dd}"))
        {
            FontSize = 14,
            TextAlignment = TextAlignment.Center,
            Foreground = Brushes.Gray
        });

        // 明细表格
        var table = new Table { CellSpacing = 0, BorderBrush = Brushes.Black, BorderThickness = new Thickness(1) };

        table.Columns.Add(new TableColumn { Width = new GridLength(50) });
        table.Columns.Add(new TableColumn { Width = new GridLength(GridUnitType.Star) });
        table.Columns.Add(new TableColumn { Width = new GridLength(80) });
        table.Columns.Add(new TableColumn { Width = new GridLength(100) });
        table.Columns.Add(new TableColumn { Width = new GridLength(120) });

        var rowGroup = new TableRowGroup();

        // 表头
        var headerRow = new TableRow { Background = new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromRgb(44, 62, 80)) };
        headerRow.Cells.Add(CreateHeaderCell("序号"));
        headerRow.Cells.Add(CreateHeaderCell("商品名称"));
        headerRow.Cells.Add(CreateHeaderCell("数量"));
        headerRow.Cells.Add(CreateHeaderCell("单价"));
        headerRow.Cells.Add(CreateHeaderCell("小计"));
        rowGroup.Rows.Add(headerRow);

        // 数据行
        for (int i = 0; i < data.Items.Count; i++)
        {
            var item = data.Items[i];
            var row = new TableRow { Background = i % 2 == 0 ? Brushes.White : new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromRgb(236, 240, 241)) };

            row.Cells.Add(CreateCell((i + 1).ToString()));
            row.Cells.Add(CreateCell(item.ProductName));
            row.Cells.Add(CreateCell(item.Quantity.ToString()));
            row.Cells.Add(CreateCell($"¥{item.Price:N2}"));
            row.Cells.Add(CreateCell($"¥{item.Subtotal:N2}"));

            rowGroup.Rows.Add(row);
        }

        table.RowGroups.Add(rowGroup);
        doc.Blocks.Add(table);

        // 合计
        doc.Blocks.Add(new Paragraph(new Run($"合计：¥{data.TotalAmount:N2}"))
        {
            FontSize = 16,
            FontWeight = FontWeights.Bold,
            TextAlignment = TextAlignment.Right
        });

        return doc;
    }

    private static TableCell CreateHeaderCell(string text)
    {
        return new TableCell(new Paragraph(new Run(text))
        {
            FontWeight = FontWeights.Bold,
            Foreground = Brushes.White
        })
        {
            BorderBrush = Brushes.Black,
            BorderThickness = new Thickness(0.5)
        };
    }

    private static TableCell CreateCell(string text)
    {
        return new TableCell(new Paragraph(new Run(text)))
        {
            BorderBrush = Brushes.Black,
            BorderThickness = new Thickness(0.5)
        };
    }
}

打印预览

打印预览窗口

/// <summary>
/// 打印预览窗口
/// </summary>
public partial class PrintPreviewWindow : Window
{
    public PrintPreviewWindow(FlowDocument document)
    {
        InitializeComponent();

        var viewer = new FlowDocumentScrollViewer
        {
            Document = document,
            Zoom = 100,
            IsToolBarVisible = true
        };

        Content = viewer;
    }

    public PrintPreviewWindow(FixedDocument document)
    {
        InitializeComponent();

        var viewer = new DocumentViewer
        {
            Document = document
        };

        Content = viewer;
    }
}

// 使用
private void PreviewButton_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
    var reportData = GetReportData();
    var generator = new ReportGenerator();
    var document = generator.GenerateOrderReport(reportData);

    var previewWindow = new PrintPreviewWindow(document)
    {
        Title = "打印预览",
        Width = 800,
        Height = 600
    };
    previewWindow.ShowDialog();
}

直接打印（无需对话框）

静默打印

/// <summary>
/// 直接打印到默认打印机
/// </summary>
public class AutoPrinter
{
    // 使用默认打印机
    public void PrintToDefault(FlowDocument document, string description = "自动打印")
    {
        var printServer = new LocalPrintServer();
        var queue = printServer.DefaultPrintQueue;

        if (queue == null)
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException("未找到默认打印机");
        }

        var ticket = queue.DefaultPrintTicket;
        document.PageHeight = ticket.PageMediaSize.Height ?? 1122;
        document.PageWidth = ticket.PageMediaSize.Width ?? 793;
        document.PagePadding = new Thickness(40);

        var writer = PrintQueue.CreateXpsDocumentWriter(queue);
        var paginator = ((IDocumentPaginatorSource)document).DocumentPaginator;
        writer.Write(paginator);
    }

    // 指定打印机
    public void PrintToPrinter(string printerName, FlowDocument document)
    {
        var printServer = new LocalPrintServer();
        var queue = printServer.GetPrintQueue(printerName);

        if (queue == null)
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException($"未找到打印机：{printerName}");
        }

        var writer = PrintQueue.CreateXpsDocumentWriter(queue);
        var paginator = ((IDocumentPaginatorSource)document).DocumentPaginator;
        writer.Write(paginator);
    }
}

第三方报表工具

常用报表库

工具	特点	适用
FlowDocument	WPF 内置	简单报表
RDLC Report	微软官方	复杂报表
FastReport	第三方商业	企业报表
Stimulsoft	第三方商业	交互式报表
iTextSharp	PDF 生成	PDF 报表

优点

• 1.内置支持 — 无需第三方库即可打印
• 2.所见即所得 — UI 元素直接打印
• 3.FlowDocument — 灵活的文档排版
• 4.打印预览 — 内置预览控件

缺点

• 1.复杂报表 — FlowDocument 表格功能有限
• 2.精确排版 — 固定布局需要大量代码
• 3.导出格式 — 内置不支持 PDF/Excel 导出
• 4.条形码 — 需要第三方库支持

总结

WPF 打印功能覆盖基本需求：简单打印用 PrintVisual，报表用 FlowDocument，复杂报表推荐 RDLC 或 FastReport。打印前提供预览功能是良好的用户体验。核心原则：UI 元素可以直接打印，复杂报表用专业工具。

关键知识点

• 先分清主题属于界面层、ViewModel 层、线程模型还是设备接入层。
• WPF 文章真正的价值在于把 UI、数据、命令、线程和资源关系讲清楚。
• 上位机场景里，稳定性和异常恢复常常比界面花哨更重要。
• WPF 主题往往要同时理解依赖属性、绑定、可视树和命令系统。

项目落地视角

• 优先明确 DataContext、绑定路径、命令源和线程切换位置。
• 涉及设备时，补齐超时、重连、日志、告警和资源释放策略。
• 复杂控件最好提供最小可运行页面，便于后续复用和排障。
• 优先确认 DataContext、绑定路径、命令触发点和资源引用来源。

常见误区

• 把大量逻辑堆进 code-behind，导致页面难测难维护。
• 在后台线程直接操作 UI，或忽略 Dispatcher 切换。
• 只验证正常路径，不验证设备掉线、权限缺失和资源泄漏。
• 在 code-behind 塞太多状态与业务逻辑。

进阶路线

• 继续向 MVVM 工具链、控件可复用性、性能优化和视觉树诊断深入。
• 把主题放回真实设备流程，思考启动、连接、采集、显示、告警和恢复。
• 沉淀成控件库、通信层和诊断工具，提高整套客户端的复用度。
• 继续补齐控件库、主题系统、诊断工具和启动性能优化。

适用场景

• 当你准备把《WPF 打印与报表》真正落到项目里时，最适合先在一个独立模块或最小样例里验证关键路径。
• 适合桌面业务系统、监控看板、工控上位机和设备交互界面。
• 当系统需要同时处理复杂 UI、后台任务和硬件通信时，这类主题尤为关键。

落地建议

• 优先明确 View、ViewModel、服务层和设备层边界，避免代码隐藏过重。
• 涉及实时刷新时，提前设计 UI 线程切换、节流和资源释放。
• 对硬件通信、日志、告警和异常恢复建立标准流程。

排错清单

• 先检查 DataContext、绑定路径、INotifyPropertyChanged 和命令状态是否正常。
• 排查 Dispatcher 调用、死锁、后台线程直接操作 UI 的问题。
• 出现内存增长时，优先检查事件订阅、图像资源和窗口生命周期。

复盘问题

• 如果把《WPF 打印与报表》放进你的当前项目，最先要验证的输入、输出和失败路径分别是什么？
• 《WPF 打印与报表》最容易在什么规模、什么边界条件下暴露问题？你会用什么指标或日志去确认？
• 相比默认实现或替代方案，采用《WPF 打印与报表》最大的收益和代价分别是什么？

FixedDocument 精确排版

FixedDocument 适合需要像素级精确定位的场景，如发票、标签打印。

/// <summary>
/// 使用 FixedDocument 生成精确排版的打印文档
/// </summary>
public class FixedDocumentGenerator
{
    public FixedDocument GenerateInvoice(InvoiceData data, Size pageSize)
    {
        var doc = new FixedDocument();
        doc.DocumentPaginator.PageSize = pageSize;

        var page = new FixedPage
        {
            Width = pageSize.Width,
            Height = pageSize.Height
        };

        var canvas = new Canvas { Width = pageSize.Width, Height = pageSize.Height };

        // 公司名称
        var companyTitle = new TextBlock
        {
            Text = data.CompanyName,
            FontSize = 20,
            FontWeight = FontWeights.Bold
        };
        Canvas.SetLeft(companyTitle, 40);
        Canvas.SetTop(companyTitle, 30);
        canvas.Children.Add(companyTitle);

        // 发票编号
        var invoiceNo = new TextBlock
        {
            Text = $"发票编号: {data.InvoiceNo}",
            FontSize = 12
        };
        Canvas.SetLeft(invoiceNo, 40);
        Canvas.SetTop(invoiceNo, 65);
        canvas.Children.Add(invoiceNo);

        // 日期
        var dateText = new TextBlock
        {
            Text = $"日期: {data.Date:yyyy-MM-dd}",
            FontSize = 12
        };
        Canvas.SetLeft(dateText, 500);
        Canvas.SetTop(dateText, 65);
        canvas.Children.Add(dateText);

        // 使用 Grid 显示明细表格
        var grid = new Grid();
        Canvas.SetLeft(grid, 40);
        Canvas.SetTop(grid, 120);
        grid.Width = pageSize.Width - 80;

        // 定义列
        grid.ColumnDefinitions.Add(new ColumnDefinition { Width = new GridLength(40) });
        grid.ColumnDefinitions.Add(new ColumnDefinition { Width = new GridLength(GridUnitType.Star) });
        grid.ColumnDefinitions.Add(new ColumnDefinition { Width = new GridLength(80) });
        grid.ColumnDefinitions.Add(new ColumnDefinition { Width = new GridLength(100) });
        grid.ColumnDefinitions.Add(new ColumnDefinition { Width = new GridLength(120) });

        // 表头
        var headers = new[] { "序号", "商品名称", "数量", "单价", "小计" };
        for (int col = 0; col < headers.Length; col++)
        {
            var headerBorder = new Border
            {
                Background = Brushes.DarkSlateGray,
                Padding = new Thickness(5),
                BorderBrush = Brushes.Black,
                BorderThickness = new Thickness(0.5)
            };
            var headerText = new TextBlock
            {
                Text = headers[col],
                Foreground = Brushes.White,
                FontWeight = FontWeights.Bold
            };
            headerBorder.Child = headerText;
            Grid.SetColumn(headerBorder, col);
            grid.Children.Add(headerBorder);
        }

        page.Children.Add(canvas);
        page.Children.Add(grid);

        var pageContent = new PageContent { Child = page };
        doc.Pages.Add(pageContent);

        return doc;
    }
}

public class InvoiceData
{
    public string CompanyName { get; set; } = "";
    public string InvoiceNo { get; set; } = "";
    public DateTime Date { get; set; } = DateTime.Now;
    public List<InvoiceItem> Items { get; set; } = new();
    public decimal TotalAmount => Items.Sum(i => i.Subtotal);
}

public class InvoiceItem
{
    public string ProductName { get; set; } = "";
    public int Quantity { get; set; }
    public decimal UnitPrice { get; set; }
    public decimal Subtotal => Quantity * UnitPrice;
}

RDLC 报表集成

对于复杂报表（分组、交叉表、图表），推荐使用 RDLC（Microsoft Report Viewer）。

/// <summary>
/// RDLC 报表生成示例
/// 需要 NuGet: Microsoft.ReportingServices.ReportViewerControl.Winforms
/// </summary>
public class RdlcReportService
{
    // 准备数据源
    public void GenerateReport(string reportPath, OrderReportData data, string outputPath)
    {
        // 1. 创建数据源
        var dataSource = new Microsoft.Reporting.WinForms.ReportDataSource();
        dataSource.Name = "OrderDataSet";
        dataSource.Value = ConvertToDataTable(data.Items);

        // 2. 配置 ReportViewer
        using var viewer = new Microsoft.Reporting.WinForms.ReportViewer();
        viewer.LocalReport.ReportPath = reportPath;
        viewer.LocalReport.DataSources.Clear();
        viewer.LocalReport.DataSources.Add(dataSource);

        // 3. 设置参数
        viewer.LocalReport.SetParameters(new[]
        {
            new Microsoft.Reporting.WinForms.ReportParameter("CompanyName", data.CompanyName),
            new Microsoft.Reporting.WinForms.ReportParameter("ReportDate", DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd")),
            new Microsoft.Reporting.WinForms.ReportParameter("TotalAmount", data.TotalAmount.ToString("N2"))
        });

        // 4. 导出为 PDF
        byte[] pdfBytes = viewer.LocalReport.Render("PDF");
        File.WriteAllBytes(outputPath, pdfBytes);
    }

    private DataTable ConvertToDataTable(List<OrderItem> items)
    {
        var table = new DataTable();
        table.Columns.Add("ProductName", typeof(string));
        table.Columns.Add("Quantity", typeof(int));
        table.Columns.Add("UnitPrice", typeof(decimal));
        table.Columns.Add("Subtotal", typeof(decimal));

        foreach (var item in items)
        {
            table.Rows.Add(item.ProductName, item.Quantity, item.UnitPrice, item.Subtotal);
        }
        return table;
    }
}

PDF 导出（不依赖第三方报表工具）

/// <summary>
/// 使用 iTextSharp 生成 PDF 报表
/// NuGet: itext7
/// </summary>
using iText.Kernel.Pdf;
using iText.Layout;
using iText.Layout.Element;
using iText.Layout.Properties;

public class PdfReportGenerator
{
    public byte[] GenerateOrderReport(OrderReportData data)
    {
        using var ms = new MemoryStream();
        using var writer = new PdfWriter(ms);
        using var pdf = new PdfDocument(writer);
        var document = new Document(pdf);

        // 标题
        document.Add(new Paragraph("销售订单报表")
            .SetFontSize(24)
            .SetBold()
            .SetTextAlignment(TextAlignment.CENTER));

        document.Add(new Paragraph($"报表日期：{DateTime.Now:yyyy-MM-dd}")
            .SetFontSize(12)
            .SetTextAlignment(TextAlignment.CENTER)
            .SetFontColor(iText.Kernel.Colors.ColorConstants.GRAY));

        document.Add(new Paragraph("\n"));

        // 表格
        var table = new Table(5, true);
        table.SetWidth(UnitValue.CreatePercentValue(100));

        // 表头
        foreach (var header in new[] { "序号", "商品名称", "数量", "单价", "小计" })
        {
            table.AddHeaderCell(new Cell().Add(
                new Paragraph(header).SetBold().SetFontSize(10)));
        }

        // 数据行
        for (int i = 0; i < data.Items.Count; i++)
        {
            var item = data.Items[i];
            table.AddCell(new Cell().Add(new Paragraph((i + 1).ToString())));
            table.AddCell(new Cell().Add(new Paragraph(item.ProductName)));
            table.AddCell(new Cell().Add(new Paragraph(item.Quantity.ToString())));
            table.AddCell(new Cell().Add(new Paragraph($"¥{item.UnitPrice:N2}")));
            table.AddCell(new Cell().Add(new Paragraph($"¥{item.Subtotal:N2}")));
        }

        document.Add(table);

        // 合计
        document.Add(new Paragraph($"\n合计：¥{data.TotalAmount:N2}")
            .SetFontSize(16)
            .SetBold()
            .SetTextAlignment(TextAlignment.RIGHT));

        document.Close();
        return ms.ToArray();
    }
}

// 使用
var generator = new PdfReportGenerator();
var pdfBytes = generator.GenerateOrderReport(reportData);
File.WriteAllBytes("order_report.pdf", pdfBytes);

打印多页文档

/// <summary>
/// 多页文档打印 — 自动分页
/// </summary>
public class MultiPagePrinter
{
    public void PrintMultiPage(FlowDocument document)
    {
        var printDialog = new PrintDialog();
        if (printDialog.ShowDialog() != true) return;

        // 设置页面大小
        document.PageHeight = printDialog.PrintableAreaHeight;
        document.PageWidth = printDialog.PrintableAreaWidth;
        document.PagePadding = new Thickness(40);
        document.ColumnGap = 0;
        document.ColumnWidth = printDialog.PrintableAreaWidth;

        var paginator = ((IDocumentPaginatorSource)document).DocumentPaginator;

        // 自动分页打印
        printDialog.PrintDocument(paginator, "多页文档打印");
    }

    // 大数据量报表的分页策略
    public List<FlowDocument> CreatePagedReports<T>(
        List<T> data, int itemsPerPage, Func<List<T>, FlowDocument> pageGenerator)
    {
        var documents = new List<FlowDocument>();

        for (int i = 0; i < data.Count; i += itemsPerPage)
        {
            var pageData = data.Skip(i).Take(itemsPerPage).ToList();
            documents.Add(pageGenerator(pageData));
        }

        return documents;
    }
}

延伸阅读

• wpf print advanced
• 插件化架构（MEF 加载）
• wpf perf tips
• 配方管理（MES 场景）